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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 842024.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1469316

ABSTRACT

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.


Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

2.
Braz. j. biol ; 84: e253599, 2024. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1355891

ABSTRACT

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.


Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH● e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS●+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Honey/analysis , Antioxidants , Phenols/analysis , Brazil , Coumaric Acids
3.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 54(1): e10285, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153507

ABSTRACT

The increasing number of cesarean sections worldwide has encouraged research on the long-term effects of this birth type on the offspring's mental health. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between birth by cesarean section and the development of mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorders) in adolescents. A cohort study was carried out with 1603 adolescents from 18 to 19 years old who participated in the third phase of a birth cohort study in São Luís, MA, in 2016. Information on birth type and weight, prematurity, mother's age and schooling, parity, marital status, and smoking behavior during pregnancy, were collected at birth. The study outcomes were depression, bipolar disorder, and "mood disorder" construct. A Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) was developed to select the variables for minimal adjustment for confounding and collision bias. Associations were estimated through propensity score weighting using a two-step estimation model, and confounders for cesarean birth were used in the predictive model. There was no significant association in the relationship between birth type and depression (95%CI: -0.037 to 0.017; P=0.47), bipolar disorder (95%CI: -0.019 to 0.045; P=0.43), and mood disorder (95%CI: -0.033 to 0.042; P=0.80) in adolescents of both sexes. Birth by cesarean section was not associated with the development of mood disorders in adolescents.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Adolescent , Young Adult , Cesarean Section , Mood Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies
4.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 72(6): 2288-2296, Nov.-Dec. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1142283

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to analyze applications of real options theory for increasing the productivity of Mantiqueira ecotype dairy cows kept in guinea grass pastures with different sources of bulky supplementation (black oats, fodder cane, or sorghum silage), because the traditional methodologies do not consider the uncertainties related to this activity. Real options theory, an investment evaluation method, fills this gap as its most significant feature is its flexibility to act on uncertain events. Based on the results obtained for two economic indicators, the net present value and internal rate of return, and considering the production items identified in the sensitivity analysis, this study evaluated the expansion flexibility of each system using the real options theory methodology in discrete time as proposed by Copeland and Antikarov (2001). The analysis of the expansion options showed that the values of the production systems increased by 6.73%, 1.21%, and 19.49% for the systems supplemented with sorghum silage, black oats, and fodder cane, respectively. The expanded net present values were R$ 141,642.39, R$ 64,211.08, and R$ 58,013.07 for the systems that adopted bulky supplementation with black oats, fodder cane, and sorghum silage, respectively.(AU)


Objetivou-se analisar a aplicação da Teoria das Opções Reais para expansão da produtividade de vacas leiteiras do ecótipo Mantiqueira, mantidas em pastagem de capim-Mombaça com fornecimento de diferentes fontes de suplementação volumosa (aveia-preta, cana-forrageira ou silagem de sorgo), uma vez que as metodologias tradicionais não consideram as incertezas presentes na atividade. A Teoria de Opções Reais é um método de avaliação de investimento que possui como maior característica a valoração da flexibilidade de agir a eventos incertos, preenchendo, assim, a lacuna deixada pelo método tradicional. A partir dos resultados obtidos pelos indicadores econômicos valor presente líquido e taxa interna de retorno, em conjunto com os itens de produção identificados na análise de sensibilidade, foi possível avaliar o valor da flexibilidade de expansão que cada sistema apresentou. A flexibilidade de expansão foi avaliada utilizando-se a metodologia Teoria das Opções Reais, proposta por Copeland e Antikarov (2001), em tempo discreto. O resultado da análise da opção de expansão apresentou aumento nos valores dos sistemas de produção, na ordem de 6,73%, 1,21% e 19,49%, para os sistemas suplementados com silagem de sorgo, aveia-preta e cana-forrageira, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos para os valores presentes líquidos expandidos foram de R$ 141.642,39, R$ 64.211,08 e R$ 58.013,07, para os sistemas que adotaram a suplementação volumosa com aveia-preta, cana-forrageira e silagem de sorgo, respectivamente.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Economic Indexes , Milk , Animal Husbandry/economics , Animal Husbandry/methods , Costs and Cost Analysis
5.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(3): 1058-1066, May-June 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1011297

ABSTRACT

A suplementação proteico-energética (SPE) é uma estratégia adequada à bovinocultura de corte no período seco do ano, embora sua adoção equivocada possa comprometer seu benefício/custo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de novilhas Nelore em pastagem diferida de Urochloa decumbens sob dois períodos de SPE, e realizar análise econômica desses sistemas de produção. O experimento foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com 147 e 55 dias de SPE (sistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente), de 21/06 a 15/11/2016, com 16 e 20 novilhas nos sistemas 1 e 2, respectivamente. Os dados de desempenho foram analisados utilizando-se o PROC MIXED do SAS®, e as médias comparadas por PDIFF (P<0,05). Os pesos médios foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os sistemas de produção nas pesagens de 21/06, 12/07, 02/08, 23/08 e 15/11/2016. Os valores presentes líquidos foram positivos sob a taxa anual de desconto de 4%, sendo viáveis financeiramente. Por apresentarem taxa interna de retorno superior à taxa mínima de atratividade, os sistemas foram atrativos para investimento. Foi obtido balanço econômico positivo de R$ 25,26/animal para substituição do sistema 1 pelo sistema 2. A redução de 92 dias na SPE proporciona desempenho semelhante entre novilhas e maior eficiência econômica do sistema de produção.(AU)


Protein-energy supplementation (SPE) is an adequate strategy for beef cattle during drought season of the year, although the wrong adoption might compromise its cost/benefit ratio. The aim of this study was to evaluate Nellore heifers' performance under SPE periods and to draw economic analysis of production systems. The experiment was conducted under a completely randomized design, with two systems: 147 and 55 days of SPE (Systems 1 and 2), from 06/21/2016 to 11/15/2016, with 16 and 20 heifers to Systems 1 and 2, respectively. Performance data were analyzed by SAS® PROC MIXED and means compared by PDIFF (P< 0.05). The weight means were similar between the production systems (P> 0.05) at weighing of 06/21, 07/12, 08/02, 08/23 and 11/15/2016. The net present values were positive under annual discount rate of 4%, being financially viable. By presenting internal return rate higher than the minimum attractiveness rate, the systems were attractive for investment. Positive economic balance was obtained of R$ 25.26/animal to replace System 1 by 2. The reduction of 92 days in SPE provides similar performance between Nellore heifers and greater economic efficiency of the production system.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Pasture/analysis , Diet/veterinary , Animal Feed/analysis , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
6.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(4): 1030-1038, jul.-ago. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-876940

ABSTRACT

Muitas fazendas, situadas em bacias leiteiras, estão migrando da atividade leiteira para a pecuária de corte e tal migração vem sendo feita de forma muitas vezes não criteriosa ou sem assistência técnica. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômico-financeira e o risco econômico de diferentes sistemas de cria de gado de corte, explorados em regiões de bacia leiteira. O trabalho consistiu em um estudo de múltiplos casos que tiveram como critério de escolha três sistemas que desenvolvessem atividade de cria. O horizonte de informações econômicas dos sistemas foi de 36 meses e os sistemas de criação foram caracterizados por meio de levantamento de dados realizados em visitas periódicas, utilizando-se questionários previamente elaborados. Foram estimados o valor presente líquido e a taxa interna de retorno do investimento, e realizaram-se as análises de sensibilidade e o risco de cada sistema de criação. Os três sistemas de cria foram viáveis financeiramente por terem VPL positivo a uma taxa de desconto de 6,0% a.a. O retorno da atividade mostrou-se mais sensível aos investimentos realizados na compra de terra e nas matrizes. Os riscos desses sistemas, apesar da possibilidade de mudanças no mercado, foram considerados baixos, tornando-os opções de investimentos atrativas, quando comparados aos rendimentos obtidos com a caderneta de poupança.(AU)


Many farms located in milk-producing regions in Brazil have turned from dairy to beef production systems. These business migrations have been done with no particular care or any use of technical assistance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the economics aspects, such as viability and risk assessment of different cow-calf systems established in those regions. The work consisted of a multiple case study using three farms. The economic horizon lasted 36 months, with data collection obtained in periodic visits, using a pre-designed survey. Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) on investment were estimated. Further analysis of sensitivity was made for these indicators. All cow-calf systems were economically viable with positive NPV, with a discount rate of 6.0% per year. The economic viability of the cow-calf systems was more sensitive to investments in land and animals - sires and cows). The assessment of risks in these cow-calf systems showed them to be low, despite the possibility of changes in the market. The cow-calf systems, when submitted to technical assistance, may be an attractive option of investment compared to investing in saving account.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Animal Husbandry/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Livestock
7.
Braz. j. biol ; 76(4): 845-850, Oct.-Dec. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-828112

ABSTRACT

Abstract A geometric morphometrics approach was applied to evaluate differences in forewing patterns of the Jandaira bee (Melipona subnitida Ducke). For this, we studied the presence of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in forewing shape and size of colonies kept in either rational hive boxes or natural tree trunks. We detected significant FA for wing size as well as wing shape independent of the type of housing (rational box or tree trunks), indicating the overall presence of stress during the development of the studied specimens. FA was also significant (p < 0.01) between rational boxes, possibly related to the use of various models of rational boxes used for keeping stingless bees. In addition, a Principal Component Analysis indicated morphometric variation between bee colonies kept in either rational hive boxes or in tree trunks, that may be related to the different origins of the bees: tree trunk colonies were relocated natural colonies while rational box colonies originated from multiplying other colonies. We conclude that adequate measures should be taken to reduce the amount of stress during bee handling by using standard models of rational boxes that cause the least disruption.


Resumo A abordagem da morfometria geométrica foi aplicada para avaliar as diferenças nos padrões das asas anteriores da abelha Jandaíra (Melipona subnitida Ducke). Para isso, estudou-se a presença de assimetria flutuante (AF) na forma das asas anteriores e tamanho das colônias mantidas tanto em caixas de colméia racional ou troncos de árvores naturais. Foi detectado AF significativa para o tamanho da asa, bem como a forma da asa independente do tipo de habitação (caixa racional ou cortiço), indicando a presença global de estresse durante o desenvolvimento dos espécimes estudados. AF também foi significativa (p < 0,01) entre as caixas racionais, possivelmente relacionados com a utilização de vários modelos de caixas racionais utilizados para a conservação de abelhas sem ferrão. Além disso, a Análise de Componentes Principais indicou variações morfométricas entre as colônias de abelhas mantidos em caixas racionais ou em cortiços, que podem estar relacionados com as diferentes origens das abelhas: os cortiços foram colônias naturais realocados, enquanto as colônias das caixas racionais foram originadas da multiplicação outras colônias. Conclui-se que devem ser tomadas medidas adequadas para reduzir a quantidade de estresse durante o manuseio abelha usando modelos padrão de caixas racionais que causam a menor perturbação.


Subject(s)
Animals , Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology , Bees/anatomy & histology , Housing, Animal , Analysis of Variance
8.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 67(3): 819-826, May-Jun/2015. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-753932

ABSTRACT

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar componentes de variância genética aditiva, fenotípica e residual e a herdabilidade para características relacionadas com a produção de mel e com a estrutura do ninho de abelhas Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Sessenta colônias de diferentes regiões da Bahia foram transladadas para caixas padronizadas modelo INPA e divididas, originando as gerações parentais G1 e G2. Foram medidas as características: estimativa da produção de mel; número, largura, volume e altura dos potes de mel; número, altura e diâmetro dos potes de pólen; peso; número, largura e diâmetro dos discos de cria e estimativa da população da colônia. As medidas foram corrigidas para o efeito fixo de mês de mensuração. Os componentes de variância e herdabilidade foram estimados por meio do método de semelhança entre parentes, utilizando-se abordagem Bayesiana. As médias e os desvios padrão variaram de 2,01±0,70cm para diâmetro de potes de pólen a 2.333,0±384,1kg para o peso das caixas. Houve indicação de convergência para todas as cadeias obtidas. As estimativas de variância genética aditiva variaram de 0,02cm para as características largura dos potes de mel a 38.587,72kg para o peso. Para as estimativas de variâncias fenotípicas, os valores variaram de 0,05 para a altura dos potes de pólen a 95.136,43kg para o peso; e para as variâncias residuais, os valores encontrados variaram de 0,02 para a variável largura dos potes de mel a 56.548,71kg para o peso. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,35 a 0,53. Os resultados demonstraram que as características avaliadas possuem variação genética aditiva que garante boa resposta à seleção.


The aim of this study was to estimate components of genetic variance, phenotypic and residual and heritability for traits related to the production of honey and the nest structure of bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides. Sixty colonies from different regions of Bahia were transferred to standard INPA model boxes and divided, creating the parental generations G1 and G2. The following characteristics were measured: estimated production of honey, number, width, height and volume of the honey pots, number, height and diameter of pollen storage pots, weight, number, length and diameter of the brood combs and estimate the population of the colony. The measurements were corrected for the fixed effects of month of measurement. The variance components and heritability were estimated by the method of similarity between relatives using the Bayesian approach. The mean and standard deviations ranged from 2.01±0.70cm diameter pots for pollen to 2333.0±384.1kg to the weight of the boxes. There was indication of convergence for all the chains obtained. Estimates of the additive genetic variance ranged from 0.02cm to the width characteristics of honey pots to 38587.72kg for weight. For the estimates of phenotypic variance the values ranged from 0.05 for the height of the pollen pots to 95136.43kg for weight; and the residual variance the values varied from 0.02 for the variable width of the honey pots to 56548.71kg for weight. The results showed that the characteristics assessed have additive genetic variation that ensures good response to selection.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bees/genetics , Heredity/genetics , Analysis of Variance , Bayes Theorem , Honey/analysis , Genetic Enhancement/methods , Phenotype
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(2): 614-617, jun. 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-714318

ABSTRACT

The rat is probably the most commonly used animal in scientific research. There are many benefits to its use such as: ability to work a large number of animals allowing greater statistical validity, the relatively short life cycles. However, the scant literature regarding the anatomy and morphology of these animals is also old and not very descriptive. The objective of this research is to study the macroscopic morphometric aspects of several parameters that have not been described yet regarding the heart of Wistar rats in different phases of their lives. Thirty-six adult male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighting 150-770 g were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups. The heart was then carefully dissected and removed from the chest. After this process, the heart had their weight measured on a precision scale HELMAC HM100, and for each front section of the heart related measures were taken through a semi-automatic image analysis of Kontron Build Analyse (Minimop). The percentage ratio between the relative heart weight to body weight was between 0.5 and 0.7% in the animals with body weight up to 650 g. The maximum and minimum diameters were always statistically lower in females compared to males. The measurements showed the hearts of the females shorter, narrower, smaller and lighter than those of males. Over the life of these females, although the heart weight increases, the heart apparently keeps its shape and size. Furthermore, the hearts of males narrow and stretch along their development.


La rata es probablemente el animal más utilizado en investigaciones científicas. Hay muchos beneficios por su uso como la capacidad de trabajar con un gran número de animales permitiendo una mayor validez del punto de vista estadístico o el ciclo de vida relativamente corto del animal. Sin embargo, la escasa literatura sobre la anatomía y la morfología de la rata es antigua y no muy descriptiva. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar parámetros morfométricos macroscópico no descritos con respecto al corazón de la rata Wistar en diferentes fases de la vida. Treinta y seis ratas (Rattus norvegicus) adultas, hembras y machos pesando entre 150­770 g, fueron divididas al azar en 6 grupos diferentes. El corazón fue cuidadosamente disecado y retirado del tórax. Cada corazón fue pesado en una balanza de precisión y para cada sección frontal del corazón fueron tomadas medidas relativas mediante un análisis de imágen semi-automático Kontron Build Analyse (Minimop). El porcentaje de proporción entre el peso relativo del corazón y el peso del cuerpo fue entre 0,5­0,7% en animales con peso corporal de hasta 650 g. Los diámetros máximos y mínimos fueron estadísticamente menores en hembras comparádolos con machos. Las medidas mostraron que los corazones en las hembras son más cortos, angostos, pequeños y livianos que en machos. Durante la vida de estas hembras, aunque el peso del corazón aumenta, aparentemente mantiene su forma y su tamaño. Por otro lado, los corazones de los machos se estiran y se estrechan durante su desarrollo.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Rats , Heart/anatomy & histology , Organ Size , Body Weight , Sex Characteristics , Rats, Wistar , Heart/growth & development
10.
Braz. j. biol ; 73(4): 887-893, 1jan. 2013. map, ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468158

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to identify differences in wing shape among populations of Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides obtained in 23 locations in the semi-arid region of Bahia state (Brazil). Analysis of the Procrustes distances among mean wing shapes indicated that population structure did not determine shape variation. Instead, populations were structured geographically according to wing size. The Partial Mantel Test between morphometric (shape and size) distance matrices and altitude, taking geographic distances into account, was used for a more detailed understanding of size and shape determinants. A partial Mantel test between morphometris (shape and size) variation and altitude, taking geographic distances into account, revealed that size (but not shape) is largely influenced by altitude (r = 0.54 p 0.01). These results indicate greater evolutionary constraints for the shape variation, which must be directly associated with aerodynamic issues in this structure. The size, however, indicates that the bees tend to have larger wings in populations located at higher altitudes.


Este trabalho avaliou a divergência de forma entre populações de Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, utilizando caracteres morfométricos em 23 localidades da região semi-árida do estado da Bahia (Brasil). As análises das distâncias de Procrustes entre as formas médias das asas indicaram que não há estruturação populacional para a variação dessa estrutura. Entretanto, nossas análises demonstraram que as populações estavam estruturadas geograficamente pelo tamanho das asas. O teste parcial de Mantel entre matrizes de distâncias morfométricas (forma e tamanho) e altitude, levando em conta as distâncias geográficas, foi utilizado para uma compreensão mais detalhada dos determinantes de tamanho e forma. O teste de Mantel entre as variações morfométricas (forma e tamanho) e altitude, tendo em conta as distâncias geográficas, revelou que o tamanho (mas não a forma) é amplamente influenciado pela altitude (r = 0,54 p 0,01). Tais resultados indicam maiores restrições evolutivas para a variação de forma, o que deve estar diretamente associado às questões aerodinâmicas dessa estrutura. O tamanho, por outro lado, indica que as abelhas estudadas tendem a apresentar asas maiores nas populações localizadas em regiões de maior altitude.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bees/anatomy & histology , Altitude , Body Weights and Measures/veterinary , Brazil
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 31(2): 724-728, jun. 2013. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687130

ABSTRACT

The use of animals in scientific research is not recent. The rat has been used in experiments since before Christ and, in the XIX century, with the intensification of the research reports, the use of this species increased considerably. Although this fact happens, the literature regarding the heart of these animals is not very detailed and descriptive. The objective of this research is to study the macroscopic morphometric of several parameters that have not been described yet regarding the hearth of Wistar rats in different phases of their lives. Thirty-six adult male and female rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 150-770 g were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups: 6 animals of the group I male-weighting 150-249g (I-M); 6 animals of the group I female-weighting 150-249g (I-F); 6 animals of the group II male-weighting 250-350g (II-M); 6 animals of the group II-female­weighting (II-F); 6 animals of the group III-male weighting more than 35 g (III-M); 6 animals of the group III-female weighting more than 351g (III-F). The heart was then carefully dissected and removed from the chest. After this process, the heart had their weight measured on a precision scale HELMAC HM100, and for each front section of the heart were taken related measures through a semi-automatic image analysis of Kontron Build Analyse (Minimop). The percentage ratio between the relative heart weight to body weight was between 0.5 and 0.7 por ciento in the animals with body weight up to 650g, moreover, the wall thickness of the non-septal left ventricle was always lower for the females in all groups, while the interatrial septum have similar action in males and females and the thickness of the interventricular septum demonstrated to be similar to the wall thickness of the non-septal left ventricle.


El uso de animales en la investigación científica no es reciente. La rata se ha utilizado en experimentos desde antes de Cristo y, en el siglo XIX, con la intensificación de los trabajos de investigación, el uso de esta especie ha aumentado considerablemente. Aunque se produce lo anterior, literatura sobre el corazón de estos animales no es muy detallada y descriptiva. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la morfometría macroscópica de varios parámetros no descritos en relación con el corazón de ratas Wistar en diferentes etapas de la vida. Treinta y seis ratas adultas machos y hembras (Rattus norvegicus) con peso entre 150-770 g se dividieron al azar en 6 grupos experimentales: 6 animales del grupo I machos de ponderación 150-249g (IM), 6 animales del grupo I hembra de ponderación 150-249g (SI); 6 animales del grupo II macho de ponderación de 250-350g (II-M); 6 animales de la II-hembra-ponderación grupo (II-F); 6 animales de la ponderación III-grupo macho más de 35 g (III-M); 6 animales del grupo de ponderación III-hembra más de 351G (III-C). Posteriormente, el corazón se diseccionó cuidadosamente y se retiró del tórax. Después de este proceso, el corazón fue pesado en una balanza de precisión Helmac HM100. Para cada sección frontal del corazón se tomaron medidas relacionadas a través de un análisis de imágenes semi-automática de Kontron Build Analizar (Minimop). La relación porcentual entre el peso del corazón respecto al peso corporal fue entre 0,5 y 0,7 percent en los animales con peso corporal de hasta 650 g, por otra parte, el espesor de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo no fue siempre menor para las hembras de todos los grupos, mientras el tabique interatrial tienen acción similar en machos y hembras y el espesor del septo interventricular demostró ser similar a la del espesor de la pared del ventrículo izquierdo no septal.


Subject(s)
Male , Animals , Female , Rats , Heart Atria/anatomy & histology , Heart Ventricles/anatomy & histology , Heart/anatomy & histology , Rats, Wistar
12.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 15(1): 104-111, 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-669543

ABSTRACT

Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização fitoquímica e avaliada a atividade antibacteriana in vitro dos extratos de Ageratum conyzoides L. (mentrasto), Gossypium hirsutum (algodão), Phyllanthus tenellus (quebra pedra), e Polygonum hydropiperoides (erva de bicho) frente à Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Para a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana foi utilizado o método de difusão em ágar. Os testes foram realizados com o extrato nas graduações alcoólicas de 0 a 100% (v/v), na proporção de 20% (m/v - massa/extrator). Os testes fitoquímicos constataram a presença de açucares redutores, compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, taninos, triterpenos, e esteróides nas quatro espécies. O crescimento das culturas de S. aureus foi inibido por todos os extratos, com exceção do extrato de Mentrasto. A maior atividade de inibição foi observada pelo extrato de quebra pedra. Entretanto, nenhum dos extratos foi capaz de inibir o crescimento das cepas de E. coli. Os resultados são promissores, visto que três das quatro plantas selecionadas demonstraram possuir substâncias antibacterianas, o que motiva estudos subsequentes para o isolamento e identificação dos princípios ativos responsáveis por essa atividade, com potencial de uso na indústria farmacêutica.


In this study, phytochemical characterization was conducted and the in vitro antibacterial activity of extracts of Ageratum conyzoides L. (whiteweed), Gossypium hirsutum (cotton), Phyllanthus tenellus (shatterstone) and Polygonum hydropiperoides (swamp smartweed) was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. To assess the antibacterial activity, the agar diffusion method was used. Tests were performed with the extract at alcoholic contents from 0 to 100% (v/v), at 20% proportion (m/v - mass/extractor). Phytochemical tests indicated the presence of reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and steroids in all four species. The growth of S. aureus cultures was inhibited by all extracts, except for whiteweed extract. The highest inhibitory activity was observed for shatterstone. However, none of the extracts was capable of inhibiting the growth of E. coli strains. Results are promising since three of the four selected plants showed to have antibacterial substances, which stimulates further studies for the isolation and the identification of active principles responsible for this activity, with potential to be used in the pharmaceutical industry.


Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/analysis , Gossypium/adverse effects , Ageratum/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Polygonum hydropiperoides/adverse effects , Phyllanthus/adverse effects , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Phytotherapy/instrumentation
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(3): 1029-1034, Sept. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-665520

ABSTRACT

The aim was to analyze the protein expression of apoptotic genes caspase-3, caspase-8 and bcl-2 with the immunohistochemistry technique, correlating with tumor grade (I, II and III) and with the patient survival in order to understand the basic mechanism of tumoral transformation. The immunohistochemistry reactions on 50 samples of squamous cell carcinoma were carried out with the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method and antigen recovery. The analyses were made using the graduation method "in crosses" (0 to 4 crosses - no stain to more than 75 percent of positives cells) and in categories (low, intermediate, high) of the cytoplasm immunoreactivity of the epidermoid penile carcinoma cells. It was observed a statistically significant difference when the expression of caspase-3 were compared with the grades I and II of the tumor (p=0.0010) and when comparing the patient survival with the grades I and II of the tumor (p=0.0212). The protein bcl-2 was more expressed than caspase-3 and caspase-8 proteins, suggesting that the apoptotic rate in this carcinoma is low. The higher expression of the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 suggests a higher preservation of the tumoral cells...


El objetivo fue analizar la expresión de las proteínas de genes de apoptosis caspasa-3, caspasa-8 y Bcl-2-con la técnica de inmunohistoquímica, en correlación con el grado tumoral (I, II y III) y la supervivencia del paciente con el fin de comprender el mecanismo básico de la transformación tumoral. Se analizaron las reacciones inmunohistoquímicas sobre 50 muestras de carcinoma de células escamosas mediante el método de la inmunoperoxidasa avidina-biotina y la recuperación de antígeno. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando el método de graduación "en cruces" (0 a 4 cruces - no tinción a más del 75 por ciento de las células positivas) y en categorías (baja, media, alta) de la inmunorreactividad citoplasmática de las células de carcinoma epidermoide de pene. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa cuando la expresión de la caspasa-3 se comparó con los grados I y II del tumor (p = 0,0010) y cuando se comparan la supervivencia de los pacientes con los grados I y II del tumor (p = 0,0212). La proteína bcl-2 se expresa más que la caspasa-3 y caspasa-8, lo que sugiere que la tasa de apoptosis en este carcinoma es baja. La mayor expresión de la proteína anti-apoptótica bcl-2 sugiere una mayor preservación de las células tumorales...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Penile Neoplasms/metabolism , Penile Neoplasms/pathology , Apoptosis , /metabolism , /metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Predictive Value of Tests , /metabolism , Survival Analysis
14.
Braz. j. morphol. sci ; 26(2): 62-67, Apr.-June. 2009.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-644253

ABSTRACT

It is estimated that 190 million people worldwide have diabetes mellitus. Several attempts have been made to elucidate the deleterious effects of diabetes on various organ systems, as well as the reversal of these effects by treatment and/or diet. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of prolonged treatment with Syzygium cumini (Jambolan) sheet aqueous extract on the structure of cells responsible for secretory processes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands of spontaneously diabetic mice. Ten female mice, including five diabetic Nod mice (group I) and five BALB/c mice (group II), were used. After characterization of the diabetic state, animals of group I received Syzygium cumini extract and group II animals received water ad libitum. After the experimental period, the salivary glands were collected from the animals for stereological analysis. The results showed structural alterations in the salivary glands of diabetic animals characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic atrophy and the occurrence of inflammatory cells, as well as elevated glycemia levels. We conclude that no recovery of normal glycemia levels or glandular tissue structure occurs in diabetic animals even when treated with Syzygium cumini extract, a fact that might result in changes in the functional mechanisms of these organs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Diabetes Mellitus , Diabetes Mellitus/therapy , Salivary Glands/anatomy & histology , Salivary Glands/physiopathology , Syzygium , Syzygium/administration & dosage , Syzygium/therapeutic use , Salivary Glands
15.
Braz. j. biol ; 66(2b): 731-737, May 2006. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-433158

ABSTRACT

Muitas espécies de meliponíneos são específicas de suas regiões de ocorrência. Mesmo sendo adaptadas às condições locais de clima e flora, estão sujeitas às modificações do ambiente externo, influenciando diretamente a sua atividade de vôo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a atividade de vôo de Melipona asilvai Moure, contribuindo para o conhecimento desta espécie. Foi avaliado o fluxo de abelhas, entrando e saindo da colônia, e a identificação do tipo de material transportado. Estas informações foram correlacionadas com dados climáticos coletados no momento das observações, realizadas entre junho de 2002 e março de 2003. A temperatura foi o fator de maior influência sobre a atividade de vôo desta espécie, apresentando correlação positiva significativa com a entrada de abelhas na colônia e com a coleta de pólen. A coleta de barro apresentou correlação positiva significativa com o aumento da umidade. A atividade de vôo foi iniciada à temperatura de 21,0 °C e umidade de 84,5%, apresentando pico com 27,4 °C e 60,6%, respectivamente.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bees/physiology , Flight, Animal/physiology , Humidity , Seasons , Temperature , Time Factors
16.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 57(2): 171-176, abr. 2005.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-414961

ABSTRACT

Avaliou-se o efeito imunotóxico causado por exposição a baixas doses de citrinina (2,5mg kg-1) em camundongos albinos expostos à micotoxina antes (n=15), durante (n=15) e após (n=15) a imunização com antígeno inerte, representado por eritrócitos de carneiro - sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Quinze camundongos foram usados como controle (não intoxicados). Sete dias após o tratamento, os animais foram sangrados e os títulos de anticorpos anti-SRBC e de complemento foram determinados. A citrinina diminuiu os títulos de anticorpos primários em todos os grupos intoxicados. A intoxicação antes e após a imunização provocou diminuição em 87,5 por cento nos títulos médios de anticorpos específicos. A exposição simultânea à imunização gerou diminuição de 75 por cento. Houve acentuada redução nos níveis de complemento circulante, detectada nos animais previamente intoxicados (93,8 por cento), ou intoxicados juntamente com a imunização (87,5 por cento).


Subject(s)
Animals , Citrinin/administration & dosage , Citrinin/adverse effects , Citrinin/toxicity , Coumarins/administration & dosage , Coumarins/toxicity , Immunosuppression Therapy , Mice
17.
Rev. bras. biol ; 61(1): 63-67, Feb. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-282400

ABSTRACT

In spite of the importance of the "uruçu" bee as honey producer of excellent quality, as well, potential pollinator both in agricultural and natural ecosystems, mainly in North-eastern Brazil, just some information is found in literature about sources that such bees utilize to collect nectar and pollen. The identification of the plants visited by Melipona scutellaris was accomplished with base on the analysis of pollen types found in the honey samples collected every two months, from March 1997 to February 1998, in 15 colonies located in Catu, State of Bahia, Brazil (12§21'00"S, 38§22'40"W, 76 m of altitude). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the pollen types were carried out determining the percentage and occurrence classes. Twenty-eight pollen types were found, being considered dominant pollen, the Eucalyptus spp. and Psidium sp. types and secondary pollen, Bauhinia sp., Caesalpinia sp. and Mimosa verrucata types. It was verified dominant pollen of Eucalyptus spp. in honeys produced in November/December 1997 and January/February 1998. The families Caesalpiniaceae (14 percent), Mimosaceae (25 percent) and Myrtaceae (56 percent) were the most represented in the pollen spectrum


Subject(s)
Animals , Honey/analysis , Plants/classification , Pollen/classification , Bees , Seasons , Spectrum Analysis
19.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 29(3): 363-5, Mar. 1996. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-163845

ABSTRACT

We determined the effect of dietary sodium intake (0.15 and 8 per cent NACl) on the cardiac neuron size of normotensive 3-week old Wistar rats. An increase in dietary sodium for 48 weeks induced an increase in neuronal size. The number of large neurons (larger than 500 muM2) increased significantly (chi-square test) in rats ingesting 8 per cent NaCl in their food. The rats presented hypertension (128 ñ 9 vs 134 ñ 16 mmHg; difference not significant, Student t-test) and a statistically significant increase in cardiac muscle mass (1.6 ñ 0.1 vs 2.0 ñ 0.2 mg/g of rat). We conclude that food sodium can significantly increase cardiac nerve cell size and this trophic response occurs concomitantly with an increase of cardiac muscle mass.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Hypertension/chemically induced , Cardiomegaly/physiopathology , Neurons , Sodium, Dietary/pharmacology , Hypertension/etiology , Cardiomegaly/etiology , Myocardium/pathology , Neurons/physiology , Rats, Wistar
20.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 27(1): 101-8, jan. 1994. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-136499

ABSTRACT

1. The myenteric plexus of the small intestine of five C57BL/6J male 5-month-old mice was investigated in whole-mount preparations of the muscularis externa by Giemsa staining and by the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical technique. 2. The neuronal density was 20212 ñ 3038/cm² (mean ñ SEM) in the duodenum, 21948 ñ 1488/cm² in the jejunum, 25048 ñ 2356/cm² in the ilium. The difference in neuronal density between duodenum and ileum was statistically significant (P<0,05). The total serosal surface area of the small intestine was about 30.80 ñ 2.90 cm², and the total number of neurons was estimated at about 690,000. 3. The neuronal cell and nucleus profile areas ranged, respectively, from 23 to 325 µm² and from 6 to 95 µm² in the small intestine of the mice studied. There were no significant differences in any of the 3 regions in terms of average neuronal cell or nucleus profile areas. 4. For the histochemical demonstration of AChE, the "direct coloring" copper ferrocyanide method was used. AChE-positive nerve fibers were distributed in the myenteric plexus which was formed by a primary meshwork of relatively large nerve bundles and a secondary meshwork of finer nerve bundles. Most of the neurons of the plexus displayed AChE activity in the cytoplasm though the neurons presented different reaction intensities. 5. The results of the present study show that the myenteric plexus of the C57BL/6J mouse small intestine contains a large number of neurons which have different sizes and AChE activities


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Acetylcholinesterase/analysis , Intestine, Small/innervation , Myenteric Plexus/anatomy & histology , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Cell Count , Duodenum/innervation , Histocytochemistry , Ileum/innervation , Jejunum/innervation , Neurons/chemistry , Myenteric Plexus/enzymology
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